Preethi Sriranga

Nabiha Siddiqui

Sadia Ghazi

Harsha Patankar

 

 

MYP Unit Question: How did culture, events and leadership shape and reflect post-WWII America?

 

The 1970s

Y.M.C.A ~ Village People                       

 

Business & the Economy:

 

During World War II, the economy went up, and all was good. Therefore, America had high hopes for the economy during the 1970s. However, America was disappointed. There was a series of recessions and two major oil crisis (1973 and 1979) that did not help the economy at all. During this decade, the US saw a lot of inflation and a lack of economic growth. The Vietnam War took a toll on the economy and inflation occurred. It was also caused by President Nixon’s unwillingness to lower the government spending. “With the U.S. dollar no longer convertible to gold at a set price, inflation rose, and Nixon responded with wage and price controls.” (source 4). The federal involvement in the economy did not help at all, and failed to solve the problems it set out to save.

 

During the 1970s, big businesses really suffered. General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford – the big three automobiles manufacturers-- “were at the mercy of changes in the oil market and consumer preferences. For the first time in memory the future of the industry appeared to be not in Detroit but in Japan.” (source 4).  But it was not only the automobile industry who suffered, but other markets also lost their money to European and Japanese markets. The unemployment rate also rose and unions also failed to protect their workers. This led to a lot of corruption and by the end of the decade, unions became less powerful. Because of all these changes, small companies started evolving and companies such as Microsoft, Apple, and Walmart all began in the 1970s.

 

 

 

Education:

 

 

The Idea of equal opportunity was really pushed during this decade and there was a big effort to eliminate segregation.

11% of the total population in America at the time was African-America, yet only 7% of colleges were African American. To resolve

problems like these, The National Institute of Education was established (NIE).

Minorities started attending formerly all-White schools, and gained opportunities for higher education. Immigrants

received bilingual instruction. However, despite all this, school performance actually deteriorated until 1978.

In 1972, President Nixon established antibusing acts, since the quality of public schools had gone down since the start of busing. Busing is transporting

children using a bus to prevent segregation and unify different races.

There were also disagreements as to the methods of teaching. There were some people who believed in a traditional

educational experience while others believed in a more liberal education (they believed that children should have to freedom

to explore their questions). Near the beginning of the decade, core requirements for degrees gradually dropped in favor of more and more

electives of interest to students. (source 3). Near the middle/end of the decade however, a more conservative attitude began to appear

and they were back to a traditional educational system. "Taxpayers see so much money going into education, yet producing students without basic skills. We legislators have to account for all that money." Said Alabama's legislature Bill King.

 

~The Metric Conversion Act moves the United States toward use of the metric system, causing mathematics curricula to accommodate the coming change.

~SAT scores of entering freshmen are the lowest in the fifty-one years of the test's existence.

 ~The Educational Testing Service reports women with doctorates are discriminated against in matters of salary and promotions in higher education.

~President Ford signs a medical-education bill aimed at increasing the proportion of doctors and health professionals in deprived areas.

Fashion:

     The 1970’s were split into two major trends when it comes to fashion. The early to mid seventies consisted of a more hippy, laidback trend, where as the late seventies consisted of a disco trend. The men in the early seventies wore lamé suits, which are metalic-colored suits, silver astronaut-style outfits, satin quilted jackets, wide-legged denims or velvet trousers, and rhinestone-studded shirts. Often their hair was long and softly layered, or spiky, multi-coloured mullets. Women usually wore high-waisted, flared satin trousers or denims, the latter usually decorated with rhinestones, tight lurex halter tops, metallic-coloured lamé and antique velvet dresses, satin hot pants, sequined bra tops, and occasionally they wore ostrich- feather boas draped over their shoulders or turbans on their heads. Often their hair was long and straight, parted down the middle. The second part of the decade was more of the "disco" era. Disco was a fad present at the time and it was shown through the clothes.  Men began to wear stylish three-piece suits (which became available in a bewildering variety of colours) which were characterized by wide lapels, wide legged or flared trousers, and high-rise waistcoats.  For women, the zippered jumpsuit, rayon or jersey wrap around skirts and dresses along with neck-scarves.

 

 

Film & Theater:   

 

     During the 1970s the film and theater industry went through drastic changes and made a lot of profit. In the 1970s the film and theater introduced two new ideas about movies to the public. The first concept was that directors and producers in the 1970s started to think of film making as an art. Film makers in both Europe and America started to "intellectually challenge" themselves with the movies they made. The directors in the 1970s had their unique and familiar narrative and visual styles.  The negative effect to making films as an art piece was that these movies were only shown in art-house theaters and not many people got to see them. The second concept was blockbusters these movies were seen by majority of the people and made thousands to millions of dollars.

Movies in the 1970s started to take a different role they had everything that television shows did not have at the time. The 1970s movies were violent, sexy, and frightening with complicated plots that everyone could enjoy. The Godfather made in 1972 starring Marlon Brando was violent, complicated, and sexy. This movie was about the boss of a New York mafia family. The Godfather itself broke all box records. 

The 1970s movies had great special effects and science fiction themes. Movies such as Jaws and Star Wars were two of the biggest movies during the decade. Jaws had great special effects and frightened the audience which made more people want to watch this movie. The special effect of Jaws was the great white shark and this movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. Star Wars was very popular for its science fiction plot and special effects. The sequels to Star Wars are endless even today the audience enjoy this 1970s movie created by George Lucas. 

During this decade African American actors gained more spots in film and theater. The 1970s put many African Americans under the spotlight. Black pop artists were releasing many albums that was heard by an interracial audience.  Popular black actors during the time were James Earl Jones, Cicely Tyson, and Paul Winfield while Ben Vereen gained lots of fame in stage musicals.  

 

 

                                       

 

 

 

 Food & Drinks:

 

     Food in the 70s reflects food today. Sugared cereal and other sweet goodies were popular. However, during this decade, people first started

arguing that maybe the food wasn't so healthy. Sen. George MCGovern issued a report arguing that "Too much fat, too much sugar or salt... are linked directly to heart disease, cancer, obesity, and stroke, among other killer diseases. Six of ten leading causes of death in the US have been linked to our diets"

There was a conflict between nutrition activists and food manufacturers and a fight between consumers and manufacturers. In an attempt to

make food healthier, companies added vitamins and nutrients, but it still was too unhealthy. There were a lot of lots of obese kids in America the most in the world in 1973 ages 6-11 both whites & blacks. "The higher the family income, the taller and heavier the children tended to be. Likewise, the better educated the parents, the taller and heavier were the children".

 

 

 

 

 

Print Culture:

 

     The print culture in the 1970s boomed due to minority authors. During this decade female authors and South American authors had the best selling books. Female authors like Alice Walker and Toni Morrison really changed the female status in the printing business. Alice Walker and Toni Morrison were not only female but they were African American also. These two ladies contributed a lot to female voices to male domination in black literature. Other female authors were Judith Rossner, Marilyn French, and Marge Piercy who used female identity and sexuality in their novels. Although Gabriel García Marquez and Jorge Luis Borges are both South American these two had great fame as authors in the United States during the 1970s. Readers loved reading the books written by these two South American authors for their use of mysticism and history.

Novels about politics and spying were also on the best sellers, popular authors for these types of novels were Robert Ludlum and Irving Wallace. On the other hand female writers such as  Leon Uris, Barbara Cartland, and Phyllis A. Whitney were great authors in this decade for their romantic novels. The author with the bestselling book in the century was Stephen King for series of horror fiction. Roots was written by Alex Haley which later turned into a television show was a historical narrative of an African American family.  

Some of the popular magazines today were also popular in the 1970s. The magazines in the 1970s had a lot variety two of the popular magazines were People and Ms. People magazines in the 1970s was just like today’s providing gossip and pictures of celebrities to the public. However Ms. was giving the public interests of feminists. 

 

 

 

 

 

Sports & Games:

 

     Sports in the 1970s changed drastically. Football and baseball players got paid a lot (about one million dollars annually), had longer seasons, and lots of media attention all of this started in the 1970s. Players unions for baseball created the "free agency" which made it easier for players to move around from team to team. Popular baseball teams during this time was Cincinnati Reds (lead by Pete Ross) and Baltimore Orioles (lead by Frank Robinson). Frank Robinson was the first African American baseball manager in 1975 for the Baltimore Orioles and the Cleveland Indians. African Americans gained high incomes and legendary records. Jackie Robinson was the first black baseball and football player. Baseball player like Henry Aaron topped Babe Ruth for the all time home-run records. In football the undefeatable team was the Pittsburgh Steelers who won four Super Bowls. Some major players for the Steelers were O. J. Simpson, Roger Staubach, Joe Greene, and Terry Bradshaw. Professional basketball was not very popular during the 1970s however Julius Erving did get his fame for this sport. 

The Olympics of 1972 the U.S. swim team men’s and women’s won nine gold medals also set twelve world records. Best swimmer in the men’s team was Mark Spitz winning seven gold medals.  

The biggest sport story of the 1970s was the "Battle of the Sexes". This was a tennis tournament between Billie Jean King (greatest woman tennis player) and Bobby Riggs (men's pro). Billie Jean King won one hundred thousand dollars and the big match. Janet Guthrie was the first woman to drive in the Indianapolis 500 for car racing (she came in eighteenth). 

In the 1970s the average Americans started to care more about their physical health. Average Americans started to jog and do aerobics more which resulted in companies to make their clothing, exercising videos, and shoes for these physical activities. 

Video games was something new during the 1970s and at the time the latest game system was the Atari. Atari had a game called "Pong" were players would bounce a ball across the screen using a paddle. 

Sports in the 1970s changed a lot the professional players received more glory and pay. Females were more involved in intense sports like racing and tennis. The general people exercising and playing video games were still new at the time. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Music: 

 

In the 1970s, music played a really big role in daily life.  Many new genres of music were created and brought backs such as Rock, Disco, and Country.  There are many different kinds of rock, including hard rock, soft rock and country rock.  Hard rock was one of the more prominent subgenres of rock. Aerosmith, AC/DC and Kiss were leaders of this subgenre.  Soft rock, which was much different than hard rock, used acoustic instruments and had an emphasis on harmonies and melodies.  Some musicians of this subgenre were Billy Joel, Carole King, America and Chicago.  Country rock, which was fusion of country and rock, was also common.  Famous singers from this subgenre were Bob Dylan and The Eagles.  Disco, which is most associated with the 1970’s, died out as soon as it became popular. Starting it night clubs, it made Donna Summer, Anita Ward and Gloria Gaynor famous as singers. Olive Newton-John, Marie Osmond, John Denver and Charlie Rich lead this genre of music. Dolly Parton combined country with pop to create a popular and distinct style.

 

 

 

"The Way We Lived":

This decade was all about consumerism. All types of new products were

being made and bought. For example, air conditioning, stereos, COLOR television,

and other electronic gadgets. Here's a video showing just a few ways

people had fun in the 70s. -->

 

 

 

--Preethi Sriranga

Government & Politics & Leadership:

 

President Richard Nixon

     In 1968, the now infamous President ­Richard Nixon entered the White House with a pledge to get American troops out of the killing fields of the failed Vietnam War. Even though he is now remembered by America for his licentious actions in the Watergate scandal, it is evident that President Nixon had an enormous impact on America’s foreign and domestic policy in the 1970s.    

 

     Primarily, Nixon desired to get American soldiers out of the rice paddies of South Vietnam by a process he termed “Vietnamization”. In “Vietnamization”, the South Vietnamese government was to provide ground military forces while Americans removed their ground troops and instead carried out aerial assaults against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In the year 1969, President Nixon expanded the Vietnam war by undertaking the controversial decision to bomb supply lines in the neighboring county of Cambodia which were believed to be supplying the Vietcong rebels. These bombing raids appeared to have some effect and there was a near breakthrough in the Paris Peace talks but this breakthrough did not occur and the aggression did not abate. By 1972, American forces in Vietnam had dwindled from 500,000 troops in 1968 to a meager 30,000, and President Nixon was eager to distance America from this lost cause. In December 1972, President Nixon authorized the controversial “Christmas Bombings” of the DRV which devastated the economy of North Vietnam. These bombings had a tremendous effect and by 1973, an agreement was reached in the Paris Peace talks in which the aggression was to cease, all American marital personnel were to leave Vietnam, and all American prisoners of war were to be repatriated to the United States. A few months after President Nixon removed all American military troops from the Republic of Vietnam, the bells of war began to toil once again along the 17^th parallel. President Nixon continued to grant aid to the Republic of Vietnam, but his desire to provide tremendous amounts of assistance were denied by congress and by spring 1975, the DRV launched a tremendous offensive against the Republic which finally led to the fall of the capital of Saigon.

 

   

 

                 Large gas lines in US during OPEC oil embargo                       South Vietnamese try to flee into the American embasy during the fall of Saigon

 

     Nixon was also the first president to visit the People’s Republic of China. By 1969, the feud between China and Russia had erupted into a territorial war and President Nixon desired to exploit this conflict to America’s benefit. He sent his secretary, Henry Kissinger, there in 1971 and went to visit China in 1972. Following his China visit, Nixon also held a conference with Soviet Leadership in Moscow and initiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks which slowed down the exponential arms race of the Cold War. This, however, did not indicate a return to amity between the USA and the USSR, and their interests collided once against in the Middle East. An alliance of Arab nations led by Syria and Egypt deeply despised the existence of a Jewish nation upon Muslim soil, and thus attacked the nation of Israel in October, 1973. The Soviet bloc of nations supported the Arabs, while America and the Nixon administration supported Israel. Even though Israel was vastly outnumbered in this conflict, titled the Yom Kippur War, Israel was victorious and occupied Egypt’s entire Sinai Peninsula. The Nixon administration’s support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War led to OPEC, which was comprised of many of Israel's enemies during the war, to issue an oil embargo upon the United States. This embargo hiked up oil prices to a tremendous extent, caused vast oil shortages in the continental US and underscored America’s tremendous addiction to foreign oil.

 

     Nixon was also responsible for the creation of numerous agencies which remain integral to America even today. Nixon created the National Environmental Protection Act in 1969, created the Enviornmental Protectional Agency in 1970 and created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 1971. All of these contributions, however, were masked by the Watergate Scandal which erupted in 1972. In 1972, five men were arrested in their attempt to break into a specific area of the Watergate Hotel. This location was the Democratic National Committee’s headquarters and one of the men arrested was found to be a member of the Committee to Reelect President Nixon. The White House denied any involvement and President Nixon was reelected by a moderate margin, but the media smelled the scent of a scandal. Congressional hearings upon Watergate began in February, 1973, and eventually the news of Nixon’s scandal fell upon every American ear. Nixon was shown to have misused government entities, taped conversations at the oval office and conducted numerous corrupt deeds. Nixon’s vice-president was removed due to a separate case of tax evasion and of bribery during his term as governor of Maryland, and thus Gerald Ford was appointed by the Republic Party as Nixon's vice-president. After it became clear that Nixon was due to be impeached, President Nixon resigned and Gerald R. Ford became the 38th president in 1974.  

 

       

                                                  President Gerald Ford                         President Jimmy Carter

     Gerald R Ford pardoned the former president, tried to put the scandal behind him and attempted to address the economic woes which were then plaguing America. He started the Whip Inflation Now campaign, which was designed to slow down exponential inflation by convincing American families to save their money. He also initiated the second Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and made some progress with the Soviet bloc nations, but there was relatively little that the new president could do in the fallout of the Watergate scandal.

 

     President Ford’s short term was terminated with the election of 1976 in which the unexpected Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter won the presidency with his honest, trustworthy connection that he made with the American populace. Soon after his election, President Carter chose to address the high inflation crisis in America by attacking the epidemic of high employment in the US. During Carter’s reign, the OPEC issued another restriction on crude oil exports to the US and Carter tried to alleviate America’s poisonous dependence on foreign oil by investing in alternative energy sources, the chief among these being nuclear power. However, the hopes of nuclear power being America’s future energy source were dashed with the partial meltdown of a nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island in New York. Carter tried to abate the tremendous tension that existed between the US and the USSR through numerous negotiations, but was forced to issue embargoes on grain shipments to the Soviet Union and boycott the Moscow Olympic Games due to USSR’s decision to invade Afghanistan. President Carter was the primary reason why Israel and Egypt worked towards amity and signed the Camp David Accords in 1978, but his success at Camp David was overshadowed by the Iranian Hostage Crisis in November 1979. President Carter was unable to free the American hostages held by Iran’s revolutionary government during his presidency and this was a major reason why he lost the 1980s election, but the hostages were eventually freed at the start of Ronald Reagan term in 1981.

American hostages taken in the Iranian hostage crisis

 

Law &  Justice:

 

     The 1970s was a very important decade in terms of changes in the American system of law and justice.  Primarily, in terms of environmental protection, President Richard Nixon introduced multitudes of protective legislature to congress in the early 1970s and even created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1969. The Watergate Scandal and the successive case of United States versus the Nixon administration broadcasted Nixon’s corruption and forced the successive American leadership to go under closer scrutiny of the law. The epoch was very impactful in terms of women’s rights and a woman’s right to her body. In 1973, the controversial supreme court case Roe vs. Wade stated that a woman had a right to an abortion in the first trimester of her pregnancy and the court decision Doe vs. Bolton preserved that integral right. In late 1970s, the Equal Rights Act was nearly passed and this act attempted to bridge the tremendous difference in the rights enjoyed by men and fought for by women. In the 1970s, the crime rates also increased throughout the continental United States and divorce rates increased exponentially as well. The use of controlled substances soared during the 70s epoch, and many locales in America soon decriminalized the use of Marijuana and other such substances. 

 

                                                                                          Pro-life activists protesting Roe vs. Wade

Pro-choice activists supporting Roe vs. Wade

 

Religion:

 

During the 1970s, there was a significant decline of Church membership. The influence of the Protestant Church continued

to go down during this decade. With all the cultural changes happening during period, the churches had a hard time

accommodating. This was the time of the Vietnam War started, and many members and leaders of church opposed the

American involvement in the war. These antiwar movement often became violent and these people became strong opponents

of President Nixon, especially during the time of the Watergate scandel. The huge involvement in political affairs

was just one reason why people were distracted from more spiritual matters, and church attendance declined.

 

Feminism was another challenge for churches. Should they have women be a part of the church's ministry? By the end

of the decade, many churches accepted the practice of including women in the ministry. Sexual morality was another topic

that churches discussed during this decade. They struggled to accept "relaxed standards of premarital sex and abortion.

They also began the long-term discussion of homosexuality and the legitimacy of the ordination of practicing homosexuals". (source 1)

The Evangelicals was another name for conservative Protestants (along with fundamentalists). The rise of Evangelicals was due to the

fact that they acquired assurance as the groups reflected the growing economic, social, and political influence of their members. Newsweek

actually celebrated 1976 as the "year of the Evangelicals" because of the rapid growth of these conservative denominations. The confidence

of theses Evangelicals came from "the growing popularity of television ministries". Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) was the largest religious system at the one, and there were more. 

 

Lastly, Although Pope John Paul II was popular in America, his resentment towards using birth control, and other sexual issues did not

convince the population as they started to use more and more birth control. The Roman Catholic community had to continue

to adjust to the changes happening, culturally. Also, during this time, immigrants brought new religions and concepts

as they came from places such as Asian. "In the course of the decade there was much talk of cults and brainwashing".

 

 

 

 

Positive Political Cartoon

 

This is a positive politicial cartoon because the Juicy Fruit gum represents America and its capitalist system and the fact that this

gum is in space symbolizes that America is spreading its influence around the world and even into outer space. :)

 

Negative Political Cartoon

 

This negative political cartoon talks about the racism that was prevelent in southern states and its great hypocracy given that

Caucasians are actually a minority in the world. 

 

 

In this negative political cartoon, it is implied that the United States and the Soviet Union will eventually decimate each other, leaving the nations who stay out of belligerence to inherit the destroyed world. 

 

 

 

Now the big question...

MYP Unit Question: How did culture, events and leadership shape and reflect post-WWII America?

 

      The 1970’s was a radical decade. Individuality and nonconformist ideals reformed every aspect of America and this new version of America differed greatly from the America that was present before the second world war. We can view this transformation of America into the post-World War 2 version through three primary aspects, the culture of the 1970s, the events that occured during the 1970s, and also through the leadership that was present during the 1970s.

     There was a great change in the culture of America in the 1970s and this change reflected the new post-World War 2 society of America. One part of the culture where there was a definite change in was the way people viewed religion. It seemed that the morality of individuals had gone down and while Churches and religion in general tried to fix it, it ended up looking like they were being too strict. So while abandoning it, they abandoned their views on religion. The new population was not adhering to the commonly accepted religious values. Another aspect of culture that changed was the reliance on technology. New gadgets became the primary source of entertainment and this really changed American society and what they were known for. Lastly, there seemed to be a counter culture. The majority of the population went against the government after their past experiences with the Vietnam War. This ideology changed society and their point of view.  

     There were also 1970s events which signaled the dawn of the new post-World War 2 societal change in America. One of these influential events included the Supreme Court descision in Roe vs. Wade which was very liberal in nature. The society in America was largely conservative in terms of social values before the second World War and this change in the governmental policy regarding abortion showed the advent of the post-World War era in America.The conclusion of the Vietnam War was also a very important event in America which showed the changed post-World War two version of American society. American forces were forced out of Vietnam due to public pressure to vacate the occupied land and this very resistance to the government was new as in previous conflicts, such as the Great War, World War 2, even the Korean War, the public was almost blindly obedient to the government.

    The leadership of America during the 1970s decade also reflected the change of America as a whole into the post-World War 2 America. America elected Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter as president during the 1970s epoch, and these presidents interfered a great deal in foreign affairs and exerted America's tremendous martial might over numerous regions around the world. This type of foreign policy is characteristic of America's power in the world following its victory in World War 2 and this type of leadership combined with the culture of the 1970s and major events in the 1970s all provide outstanding examples for the change of America into its post World War 2 version.

 

 

 

Something Extra :)

 

 

 

Works Cited

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 B2 1950s Gallagher