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B2 1980s Gallagher

Page history last edited by Caroline Shao 13 years, 9 months ago

 Joon Chahn Yee, Caroline Shao, Amna Ali, Anish Roy 

 

     

MYP Unit Question: How did culture, events and leadership shape and reflect post-WWII America?

 

The 1980s

 

                       

 

Business & the Economy 

 

               The business and economy went on a big roller coaster ride in the 1980s. During the first half of the decade, America was going down into a recession many Americans struggled. Over 50 percent of banks went bankrupt and inflation rose. But the people that were hit the hardest were again the farmers. Crop export was declining while the interest rate rose. The consenquence of this was big for president Carter. Because he failed to take America into recovery, in the year 1980 during the recession the people of the United States turned in President Carter and reelected the president the former governor, Ronald Reagan. Reagan put a lot of work into his campaigns and his programs to make the United States better in the economical stand point view.

          

               One thing that Ronald Reagan tried to do was to cut the taxes so the people would work longer and harder therefore savings are made. But unfortunately this mainly benefited the wealthier people rather than the people that were actually in need. The combination of the tax cut and high military spending by the government lead to the recession in the 1980s. One of the reasons Reagan was liked by the people was he thought that the government had to much power. So he slashed a lot of the government programs.

    

                In the second half of the decade, America shifted and went into recovery mode. Banks made changes like making better loan decisions. There were groups called the corporate raiders. What they did was they bought depressed stocks and took over the company that were lagging behind. This made the businesses that were lagging behind to catch up so the economy could get faster into a working economy.

 

Education 

 

               Education in the 1980s was marred with controversy. It states in an article on gale that “Student scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT; the measure by which most colleges evaluated applicants) had been on a downward spiral since 1962,” (The 1980s Education Overview). This means that the intelligence level of the students was drastically falling. They could not achieve the high level of intelligence of before. Also, students had lower test scores in science and math than Japan. This severely scared politicians and teachers alike. Politicians knew that they had to catch up to Japan or the future of America would be not be a future to look forward too.  Parents often blamed the teachers for their child’s failings. Teachers were often a scapegoat and the easy to blame. Politicians, on the other hand, were often bickering with each other. While they accepted that students were becoming less intelligent, they did not find any solution. Republicans wanted to remove Federal presence of the government in schools. Democrats wanted to the government to continue to back up schools. This resulted in conflicting ideas. 

 

                One major debate in this time period regarding education was religion. Religion was supported by President Reagan and numerous parents. Reagan wanted daily prayers in classrooms. Parents wanted to change text books. They wanted scientific ideas replaced with their own religious ideas. Parents would often go to court to fight this and almost never succeeded. Religion did gain some momentum in schools though. According to edweek.org, “Under the federal "Equal Access Act" of 1984, publicly funded schools allowing extracurricular based clubs must also allow students to form religious extracurricular clubs,” (edweek.org). This means that religious clubs may be formed. Without this act, we cannot have any religious ceremonies or meetings at school. This act helped make religion in school more lenient. Also, The actions of congress have set us up in the future. Religion in schools is almost never allowed. Congress made a statement in that time period not to allow religion in schools. Today, we do not see religion in schools much and this was due to Congress in the 1980s. 

 


 

Fashion

 

               The 1980s was a big decade for fashion. The style became clean cut and tailored clothing along with the trend of sports wear. The fashion was highly contrasting from that of the hippies who were self expressvie to young proffessionals or yuppies. The people of the 1980's consisted of baby boomers who were starting families and working their way up in their careers. As a result, they displayed their wealth through material possesssions which included fashions borrowed from the 1950's. What was first considered to be athletic wear became an everyday clothing choice and what use to be made of natural fabrics such as cotton, was replaced with the use of synthetic spandex. During the late 1980's, the fitness craze came into the picture and became a part of everyday fashions. People began sporting leg warmers, leggings, and racer pants on a regular basis. This use of athletic wear as daily clothing, led to clothes made with wrinkle-free fabrics such as oversized T-shirts. Different styles became more available for those of lower classes. The fashions from designers experienced logos being changed on clothing and some pieces of clothing were made with cheaper fabrics so that more people had access to the latest fashions.

 

               Women used fashion during this decade to break, still existant, gender barriers. Fashion regarding the workplace was especially big for women. They began to wear the suits that, orginally, only men wore and also skirts that went below the knee, white blouses tied with bows, and tailored jackets. Although women's fashion in the workplace became a bit more masculine, the evening fashions became more feminine, coming back to the cocktail dress with flashy colors and short skirts. Pertaining to the fitness craze, leggings became a must have, coming in every color, pattern, and fabric, and were worn with blazers or long pullover sweaters.

 

               Mens fashion also changed a bit from the previous decades, in the 1980's. The business attire went from large shoulder-padded suits to flowing, collarless jackets and also included white dress shirts, narrow ties, classic tailored jackets, and leather toed shoes.

 

Film and theater (and Television)

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               Hollywood had drastically changed from its inception in the early 20th century. In fact, this time period was a time for a shift from the black-and-white and poster-and-marker movie era, to the era of special effects and big names. This caused the budgets for many films during the 80's to skyrocket because of expensive film techniques, like in movies such as Indiana Jones: Raiders of the Lost Ark and Back to the Future. The 80's also spawned movies and films that were aimed towards the younger generation such as Extra Terristrial: E.T., Sixteen Candles, and Ferris Bueller's Day off. These movies coined the term 'yuppies', and this is a tradition that continues to today, as younger audiences make up a considerable sector of the audience. Many of these blockbuster movies were created that are considered popular still today such as the Terminator and Star Wars.

  

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               The film and television aspects of 80's culture became so popular largely because of the development of technology such as  VCR's and cable TV. More of the general American public were able to access movies and shows on a regular basis. The increasing availability of television changed the audiences towards which primetime television was aimed at. For example, newer shows such as The Wonder Years, a show about an average teenagers life which was once again, aimed towards the younger generation, the Simpsons, which is obviously still a very popular comedy show today, and 60 minutes, a show still running today which revealed different mysteries regarding crime and problems their society faced at the time. MTV was also started during this time. Also, during this time, televangelists such as Jim Bakker and his wife Tammy Faye paraded their religious beliefs through the use of television. Eventually, Jim Bakker was prosecuted for fraud and conspiracy in 1989.

 

 

 

Food &  Drink

 

               During the 1980's, America's focus shifted to a health concious society where people were becoming more and more concerned with their body image and overall health, largely due to the scientific connection between disease and fatty foods. In fact, in the 1980's, fat content was reduced in everything from meats to desserts. Also, The U.S. Department of Agriculture developed The Food Guide Pyramid which were designed to help people make the correct choices when it came to consuming different types of foods. As a result of this, Americans shifted their focus to purchasing more organic foods as well as turning to bottled water as opposed to chlorinated tap water. In agreement with the need for organic foods, the Whole Foods Market Inc. was founded to focus on healthy life-styles through good dietary choices.They also turned to vitamen supplements in order to stay away from side effects brought on by other medications. American focus was turning to healthier choices regarding food.

 

 

Print Culture 

 

               1980s was a time the printing media went on an explosion as the revenue skyrocketed. Not just print media but media in general. There was a boom on television as well. Cable was all over the world with the invention of satellites. And because of this, there was an outcome of the print media rising in population as competition went up. The news media was always a news provider for America. But when the 1980s came into reach, many companies disappeared or had shut down. So in the days of the 80s, the large companies taking over the smaller ones were not so rare. It was a necessity for business for the large companies because they needed to take over the whole “neighborhood.”

 

               Another new form of print media that was made in the 1980s was the magazine. The magazine provided not only advertisements but it introduced America to the “new age”. It should the update on sports and the newest fashion. It got popular amongst the young kids who was interested in looks and fashion.

 

Sports &  Games 

 

               The 1980s was an important decade to America as it essentially revitalized sports in our country. Basketball before this decade was lacking. It was very unpopular in the 1970s. No one paid specific attention to this sport as there were no great stars. This all changed in the 1980s. Two NBA super starts burst onto the screen. Their names were Magic Johnson, a player for the LA Lakers, and Larry Bird, a player for the Boston Celtics. These two players are the definition of a superstar. A super star in my definition is an individual who has excelled at a sport and has celebrity status. Larry Bird and Magic Johnson often visited the NBA finals yearly. They often faced off against each other in class and epic matches that were down to the wire. Captivated by this new rivalry, audiences were in shock to the amazement of their skills. Basketball was back on the map. These two players single handily brought the NBA back to star dome. Without the efforts of these two players, the NBA would not be what it is today. Names like Lebron James and Dwayne Wade would not be heard. These two players changed the sports entertainment of our country for a long period of time. Near the middle of the decade, a young player named Michael Jordon would be drafted by the Chicago Bulls. What we know of Michael Jordon can only be implemented in legend and is often considered the best basketball player to ever live.  

 

                Football, on the other hand, was marred by strikes. Football players in this time period would often go on strikes. According to Gordon Forbes on USA today, “Before that, salaries were anybody's guess. Former Kansas City guard Tom Condon, now a super-agent, remembers learning in a shower conversation that his backup was earning $65,000, or $15,000 more than his own salary. The Chiefs dug down and gave Condon $65,000 plus 2 more years, each with a $10,000 raise,” (USA Today, Forbes).  As one can see, NFL players were paid very inconsistently. Life as a NFL player was tough with the pain. This eventually led to the strike. These strikes last 57 days and the NFL season was shortened to only nine games. This marked the down times of sports in the 1980s where players demanded more money which would lead to stopping of the spectacle for a time period.  Even with this strike, the NFL enjoyed a reasonable successful decade with great NFL quarter backs like Joe Montana.

 

                Like the NFL, baseball suffered many labor disputes. This time period is marked with sports labor pursuits. Baseball was gaining a lot of revenue. Unfortunately, the owners of the teams and labor unions often conflicted with the money. Never the less, baseball enjoyed reasonable success like the NFL despite the contract issues.  

     Below is a video from the 1980s. It is a primary source and it shows one of Michael Jordan's greatest dunks. 

 

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Music

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               Madonna, Michael Jackson, Lepard, Stevie Wonder and many more contributed to the musical days in the 80s. Many of the 80s songs contained rock n’ roll, hip hop, disco mainly contributed to the music style. A type of music that formed was New Wave and Synthpop. This specific type was rock moving on in the 80s that got passed down from the 70s. This type of music usually sends a type of message that is usually anti-cooperation or anti-government. The 1980 was an era of ultimate music. That music from almost 30 years ago is still popular and known amongst the teenager for example Michael Jackson and Madonna. Also the music industry expanded as well. Shows like MTV and other music programs came out so the singers could tell America about their new about or song. 

 

 

 

"The Way We Lived"

 

               The people of the 1980's lived much the same way that the people of today live. There were normal parent-teenage problems, people listening to music, going to the movies, watching movies, going to school. One of the most apparent differences are that the prices of everyday things are different, even from the beginning of the decade to the end of the decade, mainly due to inflation. This was the first decade during which teenagers were a huge influence on the way American culture evolved.

 

               One of the biggest controversial topics that hit the 1980's was that of the AIDS epidemic. It was called the 'gay-disease' until people realized that all people could be affected by this sexually transmitted disease. It led to one of the greatest anti-gay acts of all time; many hate crimes occurred. During this time period, it was realized that some people were being infected by tainted blood transfusions, and so the beginning of regular testing began.

 

               Another controversial topic that happened was that of the cocaine scandals of the 1980's. Because another decrease of jobs and an increase in the amount of unemployment, people were lacking in things to do. The use of cocaine and the fight for power of cocaine led to more gang activity and so those who were out of jobs joined these gangs and levels of violence rose.

 

Average Annual Income (1980) -  $19170

Average Annual Income (1989) - $27210

Average Cost of New Car (1980) - $7210

Average Cost of New Car (1989) - $15400

Average New House (1980) - $68714

Average New House (1989) - $12000

Gallon of Gas (1980) - $1.19

Gallon of Gas (1989) - $0.97

Camaro Coupe - $7571

1/2 gallon of milk - $0.85

 

 

Government & Politics

 


 

President Ronald Reagan was elected in the year of 1980 and stepped down from office in 1989. He was the Republican nominee and won the election by promising national security improvements. He felt that Jimmy Carter’s cold war policy allowed the Soviet Union to expand its global power. After the conclusion of the Vietnam War, America was afraid to use military power because we were afraid to engage in another war that was extremely costly in both money and lives. Reagan changed America’s policy back to a Laissez-faire government and slashed taxes to help end inflation.

 

          During this decade, Ronald Reagan increased America’s military budget because he believed "our margin of safety in an increasingly hostile world" needed to be guaranteed. In fact, one of his greatest accomplishments was to end the Cold War; one of his most memorable quotes was this, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.” He did this by condemning the Soviet Union as an ‘evil empire’ and this influenced the American public into supporting the creation of a large stockpile of weapons that threatened the Soviet Union and any of its allies.

 

 

Leadership

 

               The 1980s saw leaders emerge from every corner. The most prominent leader of the 1980s was Ronald Reagan. He was the president of the United States and served from 1981-1989. Reagan famously started off as an actor but decided to turn to politics. In 1966 he was elected governor of California. He was very conservative and was a supporter in tax cuts. He won the republican presidential nomination in 1976 and was going to run in 1980. In 1980, he was elected the president of the United States by a land slide. He was extremely popular and promised tax cuts and social reforms. He was known for fighting against the Soviets in the Cold War. He essentially led this war. He also was a purser of anti-communism. He rid the country of communists and waged war against communism country. He wanted the world to be a better place and he led this movement of anti-communism. In his second term, Reagan managed to unify USA and the Soviet Union. They agreed on a peace treaty and tension between the two countries was removed. Without Reagan, American may still have been in war with Russia and have a fear of communism. He rid America of this problem and set up future generations to come.

 

                Another prominent leader was Jimmy Carter. Carter, who served before Reagan, was an excellent leader and president. Like Reagan, Carter was a strong advocate against communism and Russia. He provided an embargo against Russia. He did not help America and Russia unify and is often considered a bad leader. Among his other failings was a failed rescue mission. Americans were taken hostages on a train in Iran. Carter was not able to negotiate with the terrorists. He lacked any negotiating skills. Three helicopters designed to save the hostages all malfunctioned. This incident plagued him for the rest of his presidency. Two things Carter did accomplish were improvements in education and energy. He managed to utilize Alaska as a state that exports oil. He developed the truck industry and helped American get back on track regarding education.  Carter is often viewed as a mediocre president with no foreign skills. Nevertheless, Carter is still respected in society today. 

 

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Law &  Justice 

 

               As Ronald Reagan was elected as the President of the United States, America was entering a time for change that many people soon knew as the Reagan revolution. While Reagan was in office between 1981 and 1989, the influence of the Reagan administration on both the mindset of the American people and of the world greatly. The 'Reagan Revolution' promised many things important to the American people, but did not deliver all that was promised. After only a year and a half, President Reagan was criticized by several civil rights leaders for not ensuring that minorities' rights were better protected. These claims were not entirely false because at the beginning of his two terms, Reagan appointed a U.S. Civil Rights Commissioner who many people thought was something like an 'Uncle Tom' because he was also had conservative beliefs.

   
               During the 1980s, there was an extreme hike in the amount of violence that was going on. In order to fight this onslaught of crime, the United States Government loosened up on rules that said that police could do many more things in terms of fighting criminals. There was new law that allowed illegally obtained objects of evidence to be used until certain circumstances. The FBI could not catch international people who were watned for crimes for against the people of America. There were block controls that appeared seemingly overnight in cities all across America.

 

 

               Although some of the crime of America was definitely increased, there were some good things that happened as well. Though the public finally realized that mass murderers and serial killers actually were a viable threat to the general public's safety, media attention really brought them out into the spotlight. There were new shows on television that publicized a lot of dangerous people and scenarios. There was a little known Behavioral Science Unit that profiled, psychologically, suspects in murder cases across the country. There was a scandal involving the selling of worthless junk bonds as good investments and fraud. President Ronald Reagan also declared that drugs were to be cut down on that started to educate the public about different kinds of drug abuse, however, he did nothing to help stem the flow of illegal drugs. The population in prisons also reached a high and the privatization of prisons began, simply to save taxpayer money. There was a huge increase in gang activity and some became known as Mafia gangs.

 

Religion 

               

               The 1980s experienced a great change in the way people worshiped. Due to the different technologies and discoveries being made and the reluctance to follow figures of power in society, people turned to making their own decisions. This also applied to religion in the fact that religion became more personalized and traditional churches felt the effects of this. The churches were dealing with a decline due to this personalization and were also dealing with the more modern views conflicting with their traditional views. Thus, religion was divided between religious liberals and religious conservatives who were constantly disputing what role relgion should play in a person's daily life. The religion of Protestants remained the most prominent religion in the United States with 55 percent of the population practicing. Catholic Christians during this time were experiencing a stricter message from Pope John Paul ll and believed that he was becoming too conservative. Due to this, a clash emerged between American Catholics and the church in the Vatican. Several religious groups began to express political views to their masses. The separation of religion and politics was disappearing and these groups used electronics and the media to furthur their opinions. For most, this opinion being that they needed to move back to a more conservative way of politics.

 

               During the 1980s, the evangelicals, or born again Christians, were very a very conservative group of people that did not come from a specific denomination of Protestant. All of them were not even Protestant. These people had very conservative and fundamentalist beliefs regarding the bible and morality. Their growth was immense during the 1980s and 40 to 60 million people in the country became a part of the evangelicals, the most famous church being the Assemblies of God.

 

Positive Political Cartoon

 

Mined area

               This cartoon appeared as the United States government filed suit against the Occidental Petroleum Corporation for dumping hazardous waste at Love Canal and other sites around Niagara Falls, New York. Pressed by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Justice Department also sued for reimbursement to cover the costs of cleaning up the toxic waste sites and to relocate people whose homes had become contaminated.

 

 

Negative Political Cartoon

 

Invasion of the corporate body snatchers

               In this cartoon, Herb Block anticipated the super-giant, super-mergers that came later. In the 1980s, the deregulation of banking in the United States allowed financiers to use unprecedented and risky tactics. Financial innovations such as junk bonds encouraged corporate mergers, leveraged buyouts, and hostile takeovers at a phenomenal rate. By April 1985, the failure of many savings and loan institutions cost U.S. taxpayers hundreds of billions of dollars. It was described by former Attorney General Dick Thornburgh as the biggest white collar scandal in history. Herb Block says, "It was swept under a very large rug."

 

 

 

 

MYP Unit Question: How did culture, events and leadership shape and reflect post-WWII America?

 

               The 1980s was a decade to remember. With the rising tensions with Russia, the AIDS terror, and the revival of basketball, the 1980s is a decade to remember. This decade helped define America to what we know it as today. Without this decade, many of the most influential characters in American history would not have existed. The boom of pop music, crazy fashions, and our existence, are oftentimes attributed to the 1980s of America. The 1980s helped shape America to what it is today especially because of its culture, events, and leadership.

 

                The 1980s helped shape America into what it is today with its culture. For instance, many young musicians today were influenced by the great Michael Jackson. Chris Brown attributes his dance style and vocal singing to Michael Jackson. Jackson amazed audiences around the country and around the world with his amazing style of dance. Artists today borrow his music style and his dance technique, making him a dominant figure in this decade. Basketball had a revival of sorts. With an intense rivalry between Larry Bird and Magic Johnson, basketball arrived back on the map. Audiences were captivated by their awesome skills with the ball. They helped influence younger starts today like Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. Without them, basketball would not be where it is today. One last point of emphasize is the arrival of block buster movies. This time period also sparked America’s fixation on brand name stars such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, who established himself as a super star. Moves like the Terminator and Star Wars are constantly referenced in pop culture. Countries around the world enjoyed themselves with these movies. America was established as a country with a great sense for movies, music, and sports. Entertainment was everywhere and this same sort of entertainment is being heard today.                

              

                The 1980s helped shape America with the decade’s numerous events. For instance, the AIDS epidemic was a terrifying epidemic that swept through the country, that most people knew as the ‘gay disease’.  People became infected with this horrendous disease through not using protection during sexual activity and tainted blood transfers. AIDS was then researched and attention was brought to the public about how to prevent this transfer of AIDS. Today, everyone is educated about this virus from a young age. People are practicing safer sex and blood donors must be tested for HIV/AIDS before donating blood. Also, during the first half of the decade, the country was in a recession. Banks were becoming bankrupt and inflation rose tremendously. This all changed near the second half when government programs cut taxes. This tremendously improved the economy. While we are not in the best economic shape today, America did prosper greatly in the 90’s and through most of the 2000’s due to the government’s plan to save money. One last thing that shaped America during the 1980s was religion. Numerous parents and even the president, Ronald Reagan, advocated for religion in schools. Congress, on the other hand, almost always rejected this idea. Today, religion is almost nonexistent in school because of a national policy to keep religion separate from school in public settings. One can perceive this as both beneficial to the country or not beneficial, depending on personal religious preferences, but Congress’ rejection to religion is still in effect today.  

 

               Leadership helped develop America into the leading country it is today during the 1980s. One leader that essentially defined this decade was Ronald Reagan. As the President of the United States of America, his actions are still in effect today. He negotiated peace with Russia by having a strong influence on foreign affairs. Without this peace treaty, America and Russia may have gone to war. This would have resulted in devastating conflicts around the world. Essentially, he brought peace to the world when the world needed peace. He also stopped communism from spreading by persecuting communism in America and ridding the country of communists. With his leadership, America was not in constant fear of becoming a communist nation.  While Reagan was an important figure in America history, another person who can be considered a leader is Michael Jackson. While he did not take part in foreign affairs and war issues, he led the entertainment industry. Some consider him the sole reason music is so popular today. He became a world icon and countries associated Michael Jackson with America. He appeared on ads and became an international super star. He led this industry with his elegant dancing and his amazing voice. Music would not be where it is at today without Michael Jackson.

 

               The 1980s culture, events, and leadership, helped shape America into what it is today. The 1980s experienced an exponential growth in music, movies, and sports. Americans are entertained today by many of things that were popular in the 1980s. The 1980s had a plethora of events such as the AIDS epidemic, the Cold War, and the religion controversy in schools. All of these events brought about awareness and new laws to make America a better place to live. Finally, the leaders of this decade were very significant. Reagan became the most powerful person in the world, and his diplomatic negotiation with Russia ended the Cold War. He brought about social reforms to America and ended the recession. He shaped America significantly and should is considered a national hero. The 1980s was an important decade that helped define America and will be remembered for its controversies and its changing culture. 

 

 

Works Cited

 

 

  

 "1980's history including popular culture, prices, events, technology, and inventions.". The People History Where People Memories and History Join . June 7, 2010 http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1980s.html.

 

"Research Center: Religion in Schools." Education Week American Education News Site of Record. Web. 02 June 2010. <http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/religion-in-schools/>.

"The 1980s Education: Overview." UXL American Decades. Ed. Julie L. Carnagie, et al. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: UXL, 2003. 50-51. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010.

 

"The 1980s Sports: Overview." UXL American Decades. Ed. Julie L. Carnagie, et al. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: UXL, 2003. 170-171. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010.

 

 "The 1980s Sports: Overview." UXL American Decades. Ed. Julie L. Carnagie, et al. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: UXL, 2003. 170-171. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010

 

"The 1980s: Fashion: Overview." American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 June 2010.

 

 "The 1980s: Law and Justice: People in the News." American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 June 2010.

 

"The 1980s: Religion: Overview." American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010.

 

Dirks, Tom. "The History of Film: The 1980's". AMC. June 9, 2010 http://www.filmsite.org/80sintro2.html.

 

 "USATODAY.com - '82 Strike Changed Salary Dealings Forever." News, Travel, Weather, Entertainment, Sports, Technology, U.S. & World - USATODAY.com. 08 June 2001. Web. 02 June 2010.      <http://www.usatoday.com/sports/comment/forbes/2001-06-08-forbes.htm>.

 

 "Whole Foods pushes envelope." MMR 24.8 (2007): 88. General OneFile. Web. 1 June 2010. 

 

 “Carter, Jimmy." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 450-452.Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3      June 2010.

 

 “Reagan, Ronald." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 88-89.Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web.      3 June 2010.
 

 Block, Herb. "Invasion of the Corporate Body Snatchers". Library of Congress. June 9, 2010 <http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/invasion.html>.

 

 Bobroff, Linda Benjamin. "Food Guide Pyramid." Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z. Ed. Delores C.S. James. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 225-228. Gale Virtual Reference Library.      Web. 1 June 2010.

 

 Byrne, John J. "Health Food Industry." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 118-119. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1      June 2010.

 

Lad, Kashmira. "Popular TV shows of the 1980's". Buzzle. June 7, 2010 <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/popular-tv-shows-of-the-1980s.html>.

 

Loschek, Ingrid. "Twentieth-Century Fashion." Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Ed. Valerie Steele. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. 348-353. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 June 2010.

 

 

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