Abhi Satya

Jerry Xu

Sai Badey

 

The 1990s

 

MYP Unit Question: How did culture, events and leadership shape and reflect post-WWII America?

 

 

Key Events in the 1990s

 

1990 – Gulf War breaks loose

1991 – Soviet Union collapses

1992 – The passing of the 27^th Amendment, Congress could not approve of salary raise until the next election

1993 – The World Trade Center is bombed for the first time, terrorists drove a car bomb into the basement of the building

1994 – President Nixon passes away at age 81, Michael Jackson weds Elvis’ daughter

1995 – Oklahoma City bombing, 168 people were killed

1996- Olympic Park bombing, one person was killed

1997- Scientist cloned the first animal, Dolly the Sheep

1998- Clinton scandal was publicized

1999- Colombine shooting, two students go on a shooting rampage and kill 12 of their classmates and a teacher 

 

Business & the Economy

At the beginning of the 1990s, the nation was in a recession. Starting from Black Monday of October 1987, the Dow Jones decreased by 22.7 percent.(Recession.org) Despite America being able to recover quickly from the recession, other countries such as Japan and the countries in Europe were also affected by the shock waves of the recession in the United States. The recession's lowest point was during 1991, but after that, America's economy quickly recovered.(The American Economy) By the second half of the decade, the United States marked its longest stretch of economic growth in American history. Unlike any other times of expansion, this economic growth came without inflation. With the rapid growth of technology, the emergence of the world market and globalization, and services growing to become the prominent market, this period of growth became considered the Second Industrial Revolution in many people's minds. With the internet now developed, computer "geeks" are able to find new ways to market their products. With the World Wide Web (www) the methods of business are totally being rewritten. In fact, the lives of many Americans are being changed. (Business and Economy) In 1994 NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, was created in order to develop a continental economy. This helped the U.S. economy sustain their growth(The Global Economy).

The companies during the late 1990s also began to hire temporary workers of which are not provided health care or any bonuses. In fact, companies began to outsource to other countries which cheaper labor. Weather or not this helped the economy, many companies benefited from these types of jobs due to the low costs and the elevated profit margins.

By 1993, the economy was growing by 4 percent and the unemployment was under 5 percent, the lowest since 1970.(The American Econ omy) In addition to these figures, there has been no increase in inflation at that time. By 1999, the Federal Reserve stated that American was in a "productivity boom" due to the growth in technology. With the boom of information, the demand for jobs in the information sector grew, while the supply was low, many information sector workers enjoyed high wages and good benefits. But in the manufacturing sector, as companies began to outsource, many plants' workers held strikes to complain for the long rigorous hours they are asked to perform instead of hiring more workers. To make it worse, jobs were also lost due to the outsourcing of companies which pursued cheaper labor. (Business and Economy)From this, one can notice that the now unskilled workers were being left behind. (Business and the Economy)

 

Education

 

Education was not given much priority earlier during the century. However, during the 1990s, the country realized the importance of education, especially with new technologies coming out and so much information being readily accessible. After Clinton took over presidency, he had cleared away much of the debt and the U.S.’s economy was steadily gaining. There was a large amount of profit being made. This profit was placed into education to further upgrade the system and make education important. As technology was rapidly advancing, schools and other educational facilities made it top priority, despite the high costs, to upgrade their technology so that their disciples would have the best of opportunity. Soon, hundreds of thousands of dollars were spent buying new computers and other technologically advanced items for use in schools and the like.

President Bush did contribute to education. He made the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 which allowed American students with either physical or mental disabilities to have easier access to education as well as having special methods for being able to teach all of the despite any setbacks they may have. Transportation to and from the area of education was provided as any other form of assistance the disabled persons may require.

One of the largest existing controversies about education was the existing quotas. During the later portion of the 20^th century, there was a great movement to give up racism. In an effort to stop any discrimination of admittance to educational facilities such as universities, quotas were set up on how many of other races must be present at a particular place. This was widely viewed as highly unfair and during the 1990s, it was taken down due to the common disapproval. Despite this controversy, education was highly prosperous during the 1990s.

 

Fashion

During the early 1990s there were two main contrasting styles. One was the Grunge style and the other was more preppie. Hip hop style was popular,

too. Boys’ jeans got bigger and girls’ jeans flared more and more. Bell bottoms were popular during the time. “Designers also turned out fashions that were more relaxed and casual than their 1980s counterparts.” (Baughman) The fashion of the time was very different from the 1980s fashion though there was some overlap in the early years. “Both genders adopted a more casual stance” (Baughman). Young people especially mainly wore really loose shirts along with loose jeans. Even couture houses advertised the new lazy looking look. The “in” thing at this time was for a person to look like he or she didn’t care about appearances or fashion. The whole casual look was probably a result of the Grunge movement in music. Man y designers adopted new and innovative things such as Versace’s new-fashioned chain mail. As there were more and more women in the workplace, “Calvin Klein offered a single fragrance to be worn by both men and women.” (Baughman) There wasn’t too much variety of material because after World War II, all the materials that had been regulated during the war for soldiers’ uniforms were wildly used by all of the top designers.

 

Film and theater

 

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America's Hollywood has now basically dominated the world in terms of cinema. With the movies produced by Hollywood extremely popular around the whole world, Hollywood basically gained a monopoly on the world. Everyone nowadays watched the same American movies, laughs at the same American gags, marvels at the same American special effects. With its creative movie titles such as "Gold Fish" or "Eyes Wide Shut", Hollywood was able to draw in many fans to its movies in the 1990s. Compared to the dismal British film industry, America now dominates the film industry in the last decade of the century. Nearing the end of the decade, the long await move, "Star Wars, The Phantom Menace," released with a huge bang, this movie paved the road of success for the final two Star Wars movies. Special effects was arugably one of the main components on why these science-fiction movies gained attention and success. The following are major events that took place during this decade:

- "Terminator 2: Judgement Day" became the first film to ever cost more than one hundred million dollars

- In 1992 Americans spent 12 billion dollars on rental and purchases of movies, while 4.9 billion dollars was spent on tickets at the box office

- Brandon Lee, the son of Bruce Lee, was killed in 1993 while filming the movie, "The Crow," in Washington D.C. by a prop gun that fired part of a dummy bullet rather than a blank. The movie was recreated using a body double and graphic altering.

- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the best selling VHS copies, with over 50 million copies worldwide

- James Cameron's "Titanic" was the most expensive film created in its time, however it also temporarly became the highest grossing film of all time, it was dethroned last year by James Cameron's "Avatar."

- "Pokemon: The First Movie," became the highest-grossing foreign animated movie in the United States

- The movie, "South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut" was a moive based off a hit TV series and it was originally rated NC-17 because of all the profanity. This film became the most notorious for having the most profanity than any other animated film

 

Food & Drink

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During the 1990s many Americans finally started to realize the negative effects of eating fatty foods. Americans were worried about weight and calorie intake and so food companies decided to market their foods as healthy. This gave rise to many interesting foods like McDonalds’ “low-fat” McLean Burger and Lays baked potato chips. In contrast to this, lots of soft drinks were popular at the time including Coca-Cola, commonly known as Coke. Since during World War II Americans could not eat whatever they wanted, as soon as the war ended they ate how much ever they wanted of whatever they wanted. This caused weight gain and health problems over the years and by the 1990s people were aware and watched out for their health and weight.

 

Print Culture

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Print media dominated large magazines such as Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News and World report, however, these items were quickly losing their dominance as more people began to start trusting broadcast news. During this time there were many scandals involving everyone from a Hollywood actor to the President of the U.S. Looking at primary documents of publications created in the 1990's, one will notice that there are many occurences of controversial topics such as gay marriage and affairs. In the end, people were becoming tired of listening to the newspapers exaggerate and prolongate tragedies and scandals, so their popularity drastically flew down. (Newport and Saad)

 

Sports & Games

 

In the 1990s, the sports world was plagued by many strikes and arguments. In the Major League Baseball, players went on strike in argument for their pay. The general public was not pleased with the fact that millionaire players bickered along with their millionaire owners over pay. In fact, after the strikes, attendance of Major League baseball games went down by 20 percent.

Other than baseball, the National Basketball League had some of the greatest players displayed. Michael Jordan, with an amazing average of 31 points per game, along with six championships, and twelve All-Star games. Also, there was Magic Johnson. In the hockey world, there was Wayne Gretzky, now called The Great, he was one of the greatest hockey players to ever to play hockey and the top points scorer in NHL history.

 

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Music

 

“The popular-music industry was dominated by the teen market, with grunge rock and gangsta rap in the early 1990s and teen pop and other forms of rap and ‘alternative’ music later in the decade.” (Baughman). Nirvana was a really popular Grunge band during this time. The recording industry suffered a hit during this time because of the relatively new method of burning CDs instead of buying the music from stores. Most music of this time did not contain too many political references because the 1990s were all about having fun. Some punk bands had songs in which they criticized political actions but during this time punk bands criticized almost every single aspect of life so it was not anything particularly shocking. While during World War II the music was somewhat melancholy while still showing hope for the future, the 1990s music was either completely happy or completely depressing.

 

 

Government & Politics combined with Leadership

 

 

 

Although the 1990’s seemed to start as a peaceful decade with the break-up of the U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), it was a harsh time to be a president. However, George Bush senior rose to the challenge and became an extremely popular president for the majority of his term and practiced great foreign policy. This may have lead to his downfall due to worsening conditions at home. When President Bush first came to office in 1989’s, he had to deal with Panama. In Panama, General Manuel Noriega was starting to concern the safety of the Panama Canal and the population of American citizens living in Panama. His fierce actions to bring the General to justice showed the world that President Bush would not be lenient and would go to great lengths to ensure safety to the world. This is another step that shows the United States – the sole remaining superpower – taking control of foreign policy and becoming the “police” of the world.

 

President Bush and his administration had to deal with several problems throughout his time at office. Off all these, the Gulf War was the largest one. Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded Kuwait which he viewed as a territory of Iraq since it had been so in the past. However, if Iraq were to control Kuwait, and maybe even attack Saudi Arabia, Iraq would be in possession of a majority of the world’s oil reserves. This would be fatal to the countries whose economies depend on oil to expand if they were not on friendly terms with Iraq. Iraq would be able to decide which countries would gain oil and which countries would crumble due to starvation from oil. President Bush recognized these problems and quickly made a plan which first defended Saudi Arabia from attack since Iraq had already invaded and taken over Kuwait. United States had garnered help from many nations, great and small, from around the world to put an end to Iraq’s campaign with his million-man army he had built up and chemical weapons. With support, troops, and money offered from many countries, United States launched a successful campaign which had obliterated Iraq’s army. Although this war was short (a few weeks worth of aerial bombardment and a 100 hour land campaign), it had many long lasting effects that President Bush had not counted on.  For example, 5.7 million barrels of oil were thrown into the Persian Gulf in order to attempt to halt U.S. forces from landing there and beginning an assault from there. The cost of the oil spill itself was $484.5 million. This problem led United States to divert some funds and time to halt the dumping of oil into the Persian Gulf and the clean-up effort that followed.

 

President Bush had been working with foreign policy too much and situation at home was worsening. Unemployment was climbing in the U.S., start around 5% and peaking at 7.8% at June 1^st, 1992. Due to this rising unemployment, unemployment benefits had to be set up further increasing the already deepening debt the country had built up. Ironically, Bush had campaigned with the idea of no taxes yet he had to resort to that so that the debt would not build up too greatly. A brief period of recession also occurred during President Bush’s presidency from July of 1990 to March of the next year. President Bush’s inability to manage the country’s economy and domestic policies cost him the reelection for a possible second term to William Jefferson Clinton a.k.a. President Bill Clinton.

 

President Clinton was a famous president of his time. He was extremely popular and still retained some amount of popularity after the scandal. However, he did lose a lot of public trust for lying so blatantly. Although President George Bush senior was quite popular, Clinton was far more effective of a president and far more popular until the scandal.  Clinton was able to accomplish far more at home and he was adept at foreign policies as well. Clinton was able to successfully lower unemployment rates drastically, reduce inflation rates, and reduce crime rates as well. He was able to keep his home country stable unlike President Bush. Although Bush was adept at foreign policy – this was seen through his ability to gather the support of several countries and receive help through soldiers and financing within a short time span – he was unable to keep the U.S. as stable. Clinton was able to reduce the debts at home and make America far more prosperous. He also thought about the welfare of society. He called for more environmental friendly rules while strengthening them. He also called out against racism and sought to remove racism. However, Clinton was not solely obsessed with making America prosperous and be concerned only about domestic issues. He also participated in many international issues. The Bosnian war occurred and went from 1990 to 1995. Clinton sent troops to Bosnia to help stabilize the country. Iraq was also a place of problems still after the Gulf War. The Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein refused to allow his country to be searched for devastating weapons by a team of weapon checkers of the United Nations. When he did not comply with the requests, Clinton proceeded to bomb Iraq along with British bombers. They were to bomb specific targets which would possibly possess nuclear weapons so that Iraq would not use these nuclear weapons on countries surrounding it and possibly any country trying to defend the Middle Eastern neighbors of Iraq. Clinton was a fine president; however, he had a personal affair although he was married. Although the public was surprised at his having an affair, they were outraged when he proceeded to lie under oath and lying while broadcasting himself to the American public. He was held on an impeachment trial but was acquitted since two thirds of the senate had not been able to vote him guilty.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Law & Justice

 

The 1990’s decade was a decade with several landmark cases on controversial topics. Some of these topics included civil rights and liberties, impeachment, gun control, impeachment, monopolies, and woman’s issues. Many famous court-cases had published many important decisions that affected the remaining portion of the decade. The impeachment case of President Clinton was described in the section about government/politics/leadership.

 

Some of the cases were less famous but they were still extremely important. For example, the Romer vs. Evans case that took place in 1996 was one that concerned discrimination against homosexuality. The ruling of this case extended the 14^th amendment into protecting the homosexuals as well. By this time, in the 1990s, people and the government are being more aware of the surroundings and the environment. Laws are being passed to protect people’s rights and beliefs. They are also being passed to protect people themselves. For example, the Vacco vs. Quill case, the result came out as people who are on the about to die cannot ask for “physician-assisted suicide”. The general American public was not happy with the outcome of this particular case since they wanted to be able to have a say if they were in critical condition and they would die to  be able to have “physician-assisted suicide” as an option.

 

Abortion is a common controversial topic, even today. President Clinton had been having battles against Congress throughout his terms on abortion throughout the decade, were Clinton was pro-abortion whereas Congress was against it.

 

Gun control was also a big issue during the 1990’s. In 1994, the Brady Law went into effect under which the process of obtaining a firearm was far more difficult and had more procedure steps to it: for one, backgrounds of the consumers had to be checked to ensure that the purchaser was not a previous serial-killer or have other motives to kill people with the firearm. However, in 1997, there was Printz, Sheriff/Coroner, Ravalli County, Montana v. United States case where the outcome ended with background checks which were required for all states becoming nullified.

 

Internet came out earlier in the decade and was an instant hit. However, due to abusing issues, the internet was banned from being abused earlier in the decade and was limited by government interactions. However, in the case of Reno vs. ACLU in 1997, the Supreme Court decided to view the Internet as same as the printing press which they did not do before. If they look at it in the same way, Internet cannot be regulated by government because that would be a violation of the freedom of expression.

 

Other famous cases include United States of America vs. Microsoft in 1998. There were several reports on Microsoft dominating the industry and not allowing new competition to develop by brutally crushing any competition. Microsoft had become a monopoly that was determined to keep itself a monopoly and did not want to have any competition from other companies even if they were small. Although this case was not entirely done in the 1990’s (it was finally settled in the 2000’s where Microsoft had to access to monitors to ensure that no foul-play was happening in competition. However, this case was significant in that it was one of the first examples of technology and business clashing with the government. There would later be many problems with the idea of technology and the government’s ideas of misusage (as with the internet).

 

The social health was also a large concern by that time. Major cigarette companies met up along with several states from America met together and came up with an agreement to make up for all the health concerns that have risen from cigarettes ranging from cancers to diseases. Many harmful toxins are also present in cigarettes which make them absolutely detrimental for any user’s health. The companies agreed to pay $206 billion for health costs relating to cigarettes, and $1.7 billion on programs which would teach how cigarettes are not advisable to many, although it was to focus primarily on teens. Also, the companies agreed to stop advertising on billboards and other commonly visited public areas. Products such as clothing advertising cigarettes were to be not made as well.

 

 

 

What It Was Like in the 1990s

 

 

Religion

 

The people of America in the 1990s were a group of fairly religious people. Still Catholicism and Protestant are considered the dominant religions in America. But there are still many Jews and a growing amount of Hindus, Muslims, and Buddhists. 40 percent of the population attend religious gatherings and 95 percent of the population believes that there is a God. With society determining that homosexuality isn't that bad and the Clinton Sex Scandal, many religious citizens felt that America's morality has gone down. Also, in terms of politics the Court ruled that religious behavior is not exempt from governmental regulation as long as the intent of the regulation is general in scope and not intended to help or hinder religion.

 

In the 1990s business world, many companies found that involving religion in the corporate world helps increase productivity and better the worker's environment. Therefore, many Bible study and prayer groups have been established along with many other religions practices. From this, many companies found that their productions went up and many new ideas appeared which altogether benefited the company. Problems with this is that some people were rather radical and also, religious divisions were created.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Positive Political Cartoon

 

  

 

This is a positive political cartoon praising the outlook 1996 presidential elections. The republican horse is depicted knocking over the horse labeled "Affirmative Action", "Affirmative Action" refers to policies that take race, color, religion, sex or national origin into consideration, it is unfair treatment based upon physical traits. However, the political cartoon is saying that this bias is being knocked down during the 1996 presidential elections, it is claiming the Republicans will grab the reins of its duty and take down the unfair treatment.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Negative Political Cartoon

 

 

This political cartoon is a drawing representing and criticizing the drastic budget cuts passed by congress and supported by the president. The cartoonist has a negative view on the budget cuts, and he also believes the presidency is a useless position. There is irony in cartoon as the president's advisor is approaching him stating that the bill firing all nonessential federal employees is underway and the president responds by saying he will complete an unneccesary task. THe political cartoon is trying to advocate the message that the budget cuts are unnecessary and hurtful.

 

 

 

 

 

Raiden

 

 

 

This game is an online version of the game Raiden X, which is a shooter game released in 1990 by the developer Seibu Kaihatsu. The objective of the game is to shoot and nuke enemy warships.

 

 

 

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MYP Unit Question: How did culture, events and leadership shape and reflect post-WWII America? (Teamwork)

 

 

 

     Culture became one of the definitive factors that set apart the 1990's post WWII America from the other decades. During this era, as mentioned before, there was a revolution in the way of thought through new ideas with clothing, food, movies, and people became more expressive. Some examples of this new trend of outgoingness is the rise in provacative styles of clothing. This booming of culture was spawned by the end of the Cold War. World War II had many after-effects on the culture of the country. The Red Scare was almost a witchhunt in which everyone blamed whoever was outgoing and expressive to be communistic and against the U.S., people were afraid to speak up. Then the Cold War occured and the U.S. and Russia were in an arms race and were very close to combat. Finally, in the 1980's, the Cold War ended and people were now able to think and expand their ideas without fear or war running through their heads. As the second generation fo baby-boomers grew, our country was defining itself culturally. The U.S. became a hub for blockbuster movies, it became the origin of the fast food industry, it became a land of opportunity for people with any new ideas. The U.S. had this period of innovation after long years of war and turmoil. The U.S. has one of the strongest military forces in the world, and now, the combat was over, and people were concentrating on making the U.S. have its own defined culture.  

 

Events of the 1990s drastically changed the view of where the money should be spent. During the later part of the 1990s, there was a large amount of money saved because President Clinton had minimized the debt and surplus money remained. This money was poured into education and technology and the effects of this were seen. The greater benefits of having upgraded educational facilities and investing in upcoming technologies were outweighing any profits that would be gained by strenghtening the military. By placing money into research and educating the younger population, a more successful future was ensured. During the Gulf War, the terrifying implication of what could have happened if Iraq had been allowed to take over Kuwait and Saudi Arabia showed how important it was to maintain fairly friendly relations with countries around the world. Iraq would have been in control of the majority of the world's oil and could have ruined any country which it was not favorable towards. Maintaining fairly friendly conditions with countries was now easier since the U.S.S.R. had fallen, and with it the threat of communism. Since only a few countries remained powerful that were under the control of communism, there weren't many countries to feud with over a method of running a country.
     The newer leaders of the country are now focusing on other aspects such as education and technology. The technology of the later century was rapidly changing and educational facilities were being expanded upon and upgraded to keep up with the modern technology. The new leaders of the country such as the Presidents Bush and Clinton were pouring money into educational funds so that they could be more effective and provide good education with the best of materials. The leaders shifted focus from the building of military arms and expanding military bounds and industries into pouring money into and investing in the educational and technology fields. President Bush maintained amazing foreign policy and displayed a natural ability to gain support or negotiate with countries to gain their favor or even their help. This was a large step in America's way onto using foreign policy to dominate over other countries or to gain what they require. The leaders of the country have realized isolation is not the way to go necessarily. They had tried that before the second world war and it did not work out, the United States went to war anyway. The United States has tremendous power and the leaders recognize that it can be used for many purposes. Being involved with international affairs was one important step that the United States had taken so that it would be able to make conditions for itself favorable in the international marketes and become friendly with valuable customer countries.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

 

"Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union.." The American Presidency Project. 2009. University of

 

California. Web. 17 Jun. 2009 .

 

 

 

"Europe Divided on Familiar Lines To Two Speeches." Prescott Evening Courier 54(1948): 6. Print.

 

 

 

Cooke, Jacob E. "Washington, George." Presidents: A Reference History. Ed. Henry F. Graff. 3rd ed. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 1- 21. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Farmington Hills: Gale. Web. 30 Apr. 2008.

 

 

 

 

 

Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002. Print.

 

 

 

"Overview." American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 June 2010. 

 

Frank Newport and Lydia Saad, "A Matter of Trust," American Journalism Review, 20 (July/August 1998): 30-33.

 

"The American Economy (1990s)." American Decades 1990-1999. Tandy McConnell, ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001 Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/

 

 

 

http://recession.org/history/1990s-recession

 

 

 

"Business and the Economy in the 1990s: Overview." American Decades 1990-1999. Tandy McConnell, ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001 Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/

 

 

 

"Religion in the 1990s: Overview." American Decades 1990-1999. Tandy McConnell, ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001 Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/

 

 

 

"Religion in the Workplace (1990s)." American Decades 1990-1999. Tandy McConnell, ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001 Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/

 

 

 

"Sports in the 1990s." DISCovering U.S. History. Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/

 

 

 

Adair, Gilbert http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/hits?docNum=CJ66394920&tab=64&locID=lom_inac&origSearch=true&hdb=ALL&t=RK&s=1&r=d&items=0&secondary=true&o=&sortOrder=&n=10&l=dN&sgPhrase=false&c=2&tabMap=64&bucket=nws&SU=1990s+hollywood